• Safety and Toxicity in Herbal Drugs
• Ethnobotany in Drug Evaluation
• Macro-Morphographical Studies
• Development of Standardization Parameters
• Phytoconstituents and Their Analysis
• Extraction of Herbal Drugs
• TLC - Detailed Procedures and Guidelines
• HPTLC - Densitometry
• Pharmacological Screening of Herbal Drugs
• Good Agricultural and Harvesting Practices
• Quality Assurance and Stability Testing of Herbal Drugs
• Analytical Profiles of Selected Medicinal Plants
  
  Plus Annexed Information
  
  Additional References 
  Internet Resources for further information
  International Associations/Organizations

You Need This Book If You Are :

• Grower of medicinal herbs

• Wholesaler/Distributor

• Manufacturer of Herb Extracts

• Manufacturer of Herbal Formulations

• Researcher

• Academician

• Regulatory Affairs Specialist

CONTENTS

Foreword 

Preface 

Part I – Introduction 

ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE 

Historical Overview of Indian System of Medicine 

Ayurveda – The Ancient Traditional Medicine 

Siddha System of Medicine 

Unani System of Medicine 

Homeopathic Remedies 

Tibetan System 

Natural Products from Modern Medicine 

Quality Control in Traditional Systems of Medicine 

Limitations of Traditional Experience 

Role of Traditional System of Medicine in Primary Health Care 

World Situation on Traditional Medicine 

Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine and it’s Evaluation 

Development of Traditional System of Medicine in India 

Prospects of Traditional Medicine 

References               

HERBAL REMEDIES – TOXICITY AND REGULATIONS 

Importance of Herbal Therapies 

Herbals versus Conventional Drugs 

Efficacy of Herbal Medicinal Products 

Validation of Herbal Therapies 

Safety in Herbal Drugs 

Toxicity in Herbals and Their Interactions 

Adverse Reactions and Safety in Herbal Medicine 

General Concepts of Evaluation and Quality Control 

Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Issues 

Assessment by Drug Regulators 

Herbal Drug Regulations in India 

Basic and Applied Research 

Bioassay-Guided Separation and Structural Characterization 

References 

ETHNOBOTANY AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 

Ethnobotany in Herbal Drug Evaluation 

Impact of Ethnobotany in Traditional Medicine 

The Extent of Plant Kingdom in Medicine 

Ethnopharmacology in Drug Evaluation 

New Developments in Herbals 

Biological Diversity – Role in Herbal Drug Development 

Drug Discovery from Natural Products 

Issues in Medicinal Plant Research 

References 
                       

Part II – Quality Control Techniques                                    

ADULTERATION AND DETERIORATION 

Introduction 

Types of Adulteration or Substitution of Herbal Drugs 

Causes and Measures for Adulterations 

Deterioration of Herbal Drugs 

Control Measures for Deterioration 

References                       

FACTORS AFFECTING HERB QUALITY 

Introduction 

Quality Standards of Herbal Products 

Factors Relating To Quality of Herbal Drugs 

Ecological Factors 

Quality Assurance of Herbal Drugs                                           

SAMPLING PROCEDURES 

Sampling Procedures 

Determination of Foreign Matter                                     

MORPHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS 

Organoleptic Evaluation 

Macromorphological Evaluation 

Cytomorphological Evaluation of Herbal Drugs                                   

MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION 

Introduction 

Instruments for Microscopical Study 

Evaluation of Crude Drugs by Microscopy 

Microscopical Methods 

Quantitative Analytical Microscopy                                 

DEVELOPMENT OF STANDARDIZATION PARAMETERS 

General Information 

Determination of Solvent Extractive Values 

Determination Ash Values 

Determination of Total Solids 

Determination of Crude Fibre 

Determination of Moisture Content 

Determination of Essential Oils in Crude Drugs 

Microbial Infestation and its Determination 

Determination of Bitterness Value 

Determination of Hemolytic Activity 

Determination of Swelling Index 

Determination of Foaming Index 

Determination of Tannins 

Determination of Arsenic and Heavy Metals 

Pesticides                                    

Phytoconstituents and Their Analysis 

Introduction 

Importance of Phytoconstituents in Therapy 

Qualitative Analysis of Crude Drug Extracts and Isolates 

Alkaloids and Their Analysis 

Volatile Oils, Spices and their Analysis 

Fixed Oils Fats and Waxes 

Phenylpropanoids and their Analysis 

Flavonoids 

Resins and Resinous Plant Drugs and their Analysis 

Tannins and their Analysis 

Terpenoids and their Analysis 

Glycosidal Components and their Analysis 

Fluorescent Substances and their Analytical Parameters 

Colouring Matters and their Analysis 

Proteinaceous Components and their Analysis 

Steroids 

Carbohydrates and their Analysis                           

Extraction Of Herbal Drugs 

Introduction 

Basic Principles and Rationale 

Pre Extraction Operations for Crude Drugs 

Effect of Solvent, Solvent Mixtures and Solution on Extraction 

Characteristics of Phytoconstituents 

Procedures for Extraction of Herbal Drugs 

Interfering Compounds In Extraction of Desired Phytoconstituents 

Extraction Methods for Specific Phytochemical Groups 

Treatment of Drug Residue after Extraction 

References               

Thin Layer Chromatography 

Introduction 

Basic Principles of TLC 

Mechanisms for the Separation of Phytoconstituents 

Adsorbents for Quantitative Thin-Layer Chromatography 

Preparation of the Layers 

Preparation and Application of Samples 

Determination of Suitable Separation Conditions 

Development of Chromatogram 

Detection of Herbal Drugs and Extracts by TLC 

Evaluation of the TLC Plates 

TLC Bioautography 

Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatography 

Assay of Steroids in Phyto-Formulations 

Assay of Alkaloids 

Analytical Procedures for Some Bioactive Materials 

References                               

HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY 

HPTLC and Its Advantages 

Requirements for HPTLC Standardization 

Theory and Instrumentation of HPTLC 

Theoretical Considerations for Quantitative Analysis 

Specual techniques in In-situ Quantitative Evaluation 

Quantitative HPTLC  for Pharmaceutical Applications 

TLC-Densitometry in the Standardization of Medicinal Plant Extracts 

References 

Part III – Biological Screening                            

PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING OF HERBAL DRUGS 

Introduction 

Need For Phyto-Pharmacological Evaluation 

Hippocratic Screening for Evaluation of Natural Products 

New Strategies for Evaluating Natural Products 

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Agents 

Evaluation of Hepatoprotective Agents 

Evaluation of Liver Carcinogenesis 

Evaluation of Diuretic Agents 

Evaluation of Antidiarrhoeal Agents 

Evaluation of Uterine Tonic Agents 

Evaluation of Anti Ulcers Agents 

Evaluation of Hypolipidemics Agents 

Evaluation of Wound Healing Agents 

Evaluation of Anti-Tussive Agents 

Evaluation of Cardiovascular Agents 

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Agents 

Evaluation of Analgesic/Antinociceptive Agents 

Evaluation of Antipyretic Agents 

Evaluation of Repellant and Anti-feedant 

Evaluation of Antioxidant Agents 

Evaluation of Enzyme Activators and Inhibitor Agents 

Evaluation of Myorelaxant and Antispasmodic Agents 

Evaluation of CNS Agents 

Evaluation of Natural Products Active on Brain 

Evaluation of Antifertility Agents 

Evaluation of Tyrosinase Inhibitory Agents 

References                                

Antimicrobial and Parasiticidal Screening of Herbal Drugs 

Introduction 

Preparation of Plant Samples for Antimicrobial Screening 

General Methods for Antimicrobial Screening 

Some Phyto-constituents with Antimicrobial Activity 

Antibacterial Screening Method 

Assay For Phytopharmaceuticals Having Antifungal Activity 

Screening For Anti-micobacterial Activity 

Molluscicidal and Piscicidal Activity Evaluation 

Evaluation of Antigiardial Effect 

Assay For Antimalarial Activity 

Assays For Amoebicidal Activity 

References                                    

SCREENING FOR ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY   

Introduction 

Phytoconstituents with Antiviral Potentials 

General Concepts of Evaluation 

Factors Influencing Evaluation 

Requirements for Host Cells, Organisms and Culture Media 

General Screening Procedures for Antiviral Testing 

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity 

Antiviral Screening Models 

Evaluation of Anti-influenza Activity 

Preparation of Different Reagents for Antiviral Study 

References 

Part IV – Legal Aspects                                  

GOOD AGRICULTURAL AND HARVESTING PRACTICES 

Introduction 

Good Harvesting Practices 

Good Agricultural Practices 

Documentation Required                              

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND STABILITY TESTING OF HERBAL DRUGS 

Indicative Substances for Quality Assurance 

Gmp and Haccp in Traditional Systems of Medicine 

Physical Quality Assurance 

Quality Assurance by Cultivation and Breeding 

Stabilization and Stability 

Methods of Stabilization 

Validation of Analytical Procedures 

References                                 

ANALYTICAL PROFILES OF SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS 

Introduction 

General Guidelines 

Preparation of Spray Reagents 

Analytical Profiles 

              Acorus calamus              

              Adhatoda vasica 

              Aegle marmelos 

              Andrographis paniculata 

              Bacopa monnieri 

              Berberis aristata 

              Boswellia serrata 

              Cassia tora 

              Centella asiatica 

              Coleus forskohlii 

              Commiphora mukul 

              Curcuma longa 

              Emblica officinalis 

              Gardenia gummifera 

              Gloriosa superba 

              Glycyrrhiza glabra 

              Mallotus philippinensis 

              Mangifera indica 

              Peganum harmala 

              Phyllanthus amarus 

              Piper longum 

              Piper nigrum 

              Psoralea corylifolia 

              Withania somnifera 

              Zingiber officinale 

Annexure – 1 Websites on Herbal Medicines 

Annexure – 2 International Herbal Organizations and Associations 

Annexure – 3 References on Quality Control of Natural Products 

Index 

Acknowledgements